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We have recently demonstrated a potent antiinflammatory effect of troglitazone, an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and a partial agonist of PPARα in both the nondiabetic obese and diabetic obese subjects. We have now investigated the antiinflammatory actions of rosiglitazone, a selective PPARγ agonist. Eleven nondiabetic obese subjects and 11 obese diabetic subjects were each given 4 mg of rosiglitazone daily for a period of 6 wk. Fasting blood samples were obtained at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 12 wk (6 wk after the cessation of rosiglitazone). Eight obese subjects and five obese diabetic subjects were also included in the study as control groups. Fasting blood samples were obtained from the control groups at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 6 wk only. Nuclear factor κB (NFκB)-binding activity in mononuclear cells, plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), TNF-α, soluble intercellular …