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Maianthemum bifolium Schmidt (May Lily) is a woodland species with low colonisation ability and high demands for seedling establishment conditions. To study the colonisation process, we analysed the clonal organisation and population structure of Maianthemum bifolium populations in a number of forest fragments using AFLP. A total of 129 genets were identified. Most (41/53) patches of M. bifolium in recent (less than 80 years old) and old (at least 175 years of age) parts of the woodlands contained single genets. Only one of the 12 patches with multiple genotypes showed intermingled growth. Besides seed dispersal also dispersal of vegetative material contributed to colonisation since five genotypes were found in more than one patch, with patches up to 51 m apart. Population differentiation between populations in different forests was significant (F_ST = 0.10) and indicated low gene flow. This level of …