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There is limited data on community-based perceptions and experiences about infertility in India. A qualitative study was conducted with men and women in six geographical zones across twelve districts in India. Nearly all study participants under-rated ‘male causes’ of infertility while highlighting ‘female defects’ as primary causes. Women generally suffered the negative consequences of infertility, including social outcasting and desertion by husbands. The study recommends development of culturally appropriate communication material on infertility to enhance knowledge, dispel myths and misconceptions, and seek appropriate infertility treatment from recognised medical facilities.