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Background This study was conducted to investigate the heat stress and semen quality among male workers in a steel industry in Iran and investigate the relationship between heat stress indices and semen parameters. Methods The study was conducted on workers exposed (n= 30) and unexposed (n= 14) to heat in a steel industry. After obtaining a brief biography of the selected employees, scrotal temperature, oral temperature, and environmental parameters were measured, and their semen samples were analyzed according to the procedure recommended by the World Health Organization. The heat stress indices, including wet-bulb globe temperature (WBGT) and predicted heat strain (PHS), in their workplace were calculated according to environmental parameters (ISO 7243: 1989 and 7933: 2004, respectively). Results Time-weighted averages of WBGT and PHS (35.76° C and 491.56 w/m 2 w m 2 …