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In the last decades, intensive agriculture management and the application of nitrogen fertilizer have led to high nitrogen losses to the environment. Among these losses is the soil emission of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N₂O) which is mainly produced by the soil microbial processes of nitrification and denitrification. The use of nitrification inhibitors with ammonium based fertilizers can be an efficient mitigation strategy to decrease these nitrogen losses. Soil water content and temperature are major factors controlling N₂O production and, so, also the efficiency of the nitrification inhibitor 3,4-dimethylpyrazole phosphate (DMPP) to reduce these emissions. In this work we study the effect of soil water content and temperature on the abundance of soil bacteria, ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and denitrifying bacteria, and on the performance of DMPP modulating these different bacterial populations responsible …