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The increase in inactivity and sedentary behaviours has been linked to an increase in people becoming overweight and obese, which leads to serious complications, such as type 2 diabetes, stroke, heart disease, and cancers. Exercise training has been proven to improve the health-related components of fitness, for example endurance, strength, and power and helps tackle these health risks. However, a large proportion of people do not engage in exercise, with a lack of understanding on how to implement exercise efficiently to maximise people’s improvements in these components of health-related fitness. Research evidence has shown that exercise genetics play a large role in how people adapt and respond to specific types of exercise training differently. Yet, it is unclear which specific genes are of interest and if this applies to the untrained population, as most research is in elite and well-trained athletes. The aims of this thesis were to first examine the literature-based evidence on the components of health-related fitness responses to different exercise training programmes and the time-courses of these. Secondly, to assemble a list of commonly reported candidate genes and assess the association of these genes to the components of fitness, which has not been done previously. Correlation coefficient showed that training load was significantly associated with the improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular strength, and anaerobic peak power (R2 = 0.86, 0.50, 0.90, respectively) across 18 studies. Additionally, there were still large inter-individual differences in the improvements of these three phenotypes, even with matched training …