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Experiments conducted with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-defective mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum (Strain 3841) indicated the importance of Rhizobium LPS in the avoidance of host cell defence reactions during the invasive phase of nodule development. LPS defective mutants were only partly successfull in colonizing nodule tissues and entered only a small fraction of the host cells. The molecular structure of the LPS was also observed to prevent bacteroid cell division and development during endosymbiotic phase of N₂-fixing bacteroids.