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Gene therapy, a medical procedure that delivers genetic materials into a person to potentially prevent or treat disease at its genetic roots, has long fascinated scientists, clinicians, and the general public. Although gene therapy has a checkered history, with several prominent adverse events in early trials, significant safety and efficacy improvements in the last two decades have catapulted the technology back to the center stage of medical research. As gene therapy rapidly progresses toward widespread clinical use, there is growing evidence of concern and skepticism in the scientific community and the general public alike. 1 Among a range of concerns about gene therapy, balancing the benefits and risks of gene therapy stands out as a recurring theme. Ethical debate over the use of gene therapy for non-medical purposes, such as genetic enhancement of intelligence or physical aesthetics, has been robust. In …