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The Lancet Neurology Commission1 draws attention to the dramatically increasing personal, societal, and economic costs of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and associated dementias, and provides a call to action for an innovative research response to develop prevention and treatment strategies. The Commission also emphasises that the symptoms and course of dementias necessitate long-term care, thus requiring outcome assessments that include both patients’ health status and the viability of health-care systems. We assert that, integrated within the portfolio of research proposed by the Commission, a focus on the effect of sex on AD and other dementias is essential to ensure progress in understanding, treatment, and prevention of these disorders. AD and other dementias disproportionately affect women. The Commission affirms that, for most regions of the world, the occurrence of AD and other dementias is higher …