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Anti-patterns are poor solutions to design problems that make software systems hard to understand and extend. Entities involved in anti-patterns are reported to be consistently related to high change and fault rates. Refactorings, which are behavior preserving changes are often performed to remove anti-patterns from software systems. Developers are advised to interleave refactoring activities with their regular coding tasks to remove anti-patterns, and consequently improve software design quality. However, because the number of anti-patterns in a software system can be very large, and their interactions can require a solution in a set of conflicting objectives, the process of manual refactoring can be overwhelming. To automate this process, previous works have modeled anti-patterns refactoring as a batch process where a program provides a solution for the total number of classes in a system, and the developer …