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Results: In total, six antibiotics were screened: ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, nalidixic acid, tetracycline and trimethoprim. Surprisingly, Klebsiella ozaenae was identified in 96 and K. rhinoscleromatis in 6 (n= 102) of the samples tested. Interestingly,~ 40% of the isolated Klebsiella spp. showed multiple resistance to at least three of the six antibiotics tested.

Conclusions: Klebsiella ozaenae and K. rhinoscleromatis cause clinical chronic rhinitis and are almost exclusively associated with people living in areas of poor hygiene.