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Hydrothermal waves are reviewed for the evaporating droplets theoretically and experimentally. The experimental visualization of the thermal instability is from two techniques—laser refracted shadowgraphy and infrared thermography—for the sessile droplets on the substrate. The effects on hydrothermal waves in the view of the infrared thermography are further discussed on the basis of the fluids with various boiling temperatures, the substrates with various thermal conductivities, gravity, substrate temperature, heat flux, and so on. Analyses of number of waves or number of cells are also provided. In the theoretical study, we introduce the linear stability analysis in an unpinned sessile evaporating droplet for convective cells and hydrothermal wave configuration, and in a pinned sessile droplet for normal deformation of liquid–vapor interface.