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The purpose of this research is to study the early stages of the Senhance learning curve to report how force feedback impacts learning rate. This serves as an exploratory investigation into assumptions that fellows and faculty will adjust faster to the Senhance in comparison with residents, and that force feedback will not hinder skill acquisition.

In this study, participants completed the peg transfer and precision cutting task from the Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery (FLS) manual skills assessment five times each using the Senhance while instrument motion was tracked.

This study took place in the Surgical Education and Activities Laboratory at Duke University Medical Center.

Participants for this study were residents, fellows, and faculty from Duke University Medical Center in general surgery and gynecology specialties (N = 16).

Postulated linear mixed …