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Conclusions: Understanding of the factors associated with parental decision to participate in studies like a NICU biobank can help identify areas for improving enrollment. Anxiety and self-perceived health literacy were not factors associated with parental decision to participate. A higher education level is associated with biobank participation and was independent of health literacy. When possible, consenting families for studies prior to delivery may increase willingness to participate. Limitations include unbalanced representation of groups and small sample size.