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This study is the first to use date palm surface fibers, an underutilized waste, to develop thermoplastic insulation composites. The building sector accounts for approximately 40% of global energy consumption, making energy efficiency in buildings a critical concern. The composites were produced by melting expandable polystyrene (PS) and date palm surface fibers (DSF) at different weight percentages (10–40%) to increase biodegradability and promote renewability. The developed insulation composites exhibited excellent thermal properties with a low thermal conductivity of 0.053 W/(m. K) and a low thermal diffusivity of 0.045 m m 2/sec. Thermogravimetric analysis showed high thermal stability, with a T o n s e t greater than 300° C and a mass loss of only approximately 6%. Differential scanning calorimetry indicated a higher glass transition T g of, approximately 100° C. Application lifetime analysis showed that …