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The purpose of this report was to characterize the dynamics of the gene expression cascades induced by an IFN-β-1a treatment regimen in multiple sclerosis patients and to examine the molecular mechanisms potentially capable of causing heterogeneity in response to therapy. In this open-label pharmacodynamic study design, peripheral blood was obtained from eight relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis patients just before and at 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48, 120, and 168 h after im injection of 30 μg of IFN-β-1a. The total RNA was isolated from monocyte-depleted PBL and analyzed using cDNA microarrays containing probes for> 4000 known genes. IFN-β-1a treatment resulted in selective, time-dependent effects on multiple genes. The mRNAs for genes implicated in the anti-viral response, eg, double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, myxovirus resistance proteins 1 and 2, and guanylate binding proteins 1 and 2 …