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Students with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) have been found to participate less in school-based activities.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of a combined in-service and collaborative consultation intervention model for enhancing classroom participation of students with IDD.

The Collaborative Consultation for Participation of Students With IDD (Co-PID) program involved a multidisciplinary team (an occupational therapist and 17 teachers) as well as 35 students and was compared to an in-service program (20 teachers and 34 students). Students were 8 to 20 years old. The programs aimed to enhance three classroom participation components: communicating, choosing, and initiating.

The Co-PID was found to significantly improve students’ participation in all areas, whereas the participation of the students in the in-service group decreased …