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In older individuals, hypertrophy from progressive resistance training (PRT) is compromised in approximately one-third of participants in exercise trials. The objective of this study was to establish novel relationships between baseline muscle features and/or their PRT-induced change in vastus lateralis muscle biopsies with hypertrophy outcomes. Multiple linear regression analyses adjusted for sex were performed on phenotypic data from older adults (n = 48 participants, 70.8 ± 4.5 yr) completing 14 wk of PRT. Results show that baseline muscle size associates with growth regardless of hypertrophy outcome measure [fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA), β = −0.76, Adj. P < 0.01; thigh muscle area by computed tomography (CT), β = −0.75, Adj. P < 0.01; dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) thigh lean mass, β = −0.47, Adj. P < 0.05]. Furthermore, loosely packed collagen organization (CO, β = −0.44, Adj. P < 0.05 …