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Leishmania infantum and the New World were pre-adapted to a successful and rapid colonization. Thus, while not universally popular, we reaffirm the unequivocal evidence for a formal recognition that L. infantum and L. chagasi are two names for the same species, as Cunha himself recognized in 1938 (Ref. 25):’we feel authorized to conclude that the agent of the visceral American leishmaniasis is identical with L. infantum’. We can add that the agents of visceral American and Mediterranean leishmaniasis form a single ‘clade ‘or ‘range of variation ‘. The name L. infantum has priority because it was described in 1908 by Nicolle.