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ABCB1 (MDR1) is one of many ubiquitous adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) genes present in all kingdoms of life that is responsible for cellular homeostasis [1–3]. ABC genes encode transporter and channel proteins possessing multiple membrane-spanning domains that form a pore, and intracellular nucleotidebinding domains for ATP-dependent translocation of substrates or ions across the cell membrane [1, 4, 5]. Although bacterial ABC proteins function as both importers and exporters [6], all eukaryotic ABC proteins are efflux pumps [1, 7]. ABCB1 is one of 49 putative members in the superfamily of human ABC transporters [8, 9] within subfamily B (MDR/TAP), which is one of seven phylogenetically distinct sub-families [4] with overlapping substrate specificity [10](see Wageningen