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The efficacy of synaptic transmission between neurons can be altered transiently during neuronal network activity. This phenomenon of short-term plasticity is a key determinant of network properties; is involved in many physiological processes such as motor control, sound localization, or sensory adaptation; and is critically dependent on cytosolic [Ca²⁺]. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms and the identity of the Ca²⁺ sensor/effector complexes involved are unclear. We now identify a conserved calmodulin binding site in UNC-13/Munc13s, which are essential regulators of synaptic vesicle priming and synaptic efficacy. Ca²⁺ sensor/effector complexes consisting of calmodulin and Munc13s regulate synaptic vesicle priming and synaptic efficacy in response to a residual [Ca²⁺] signal and thus shape short-term plasticity characteristics during periods of sustained synaptic activity.