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Background. Strong T cell and antibody responses to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), low virus production, and some genetic traits have been individually associated with nonprogression of HIV infection, but the best correlate with protection against disease progression remains unknown.

Methods. We prospectively followed 66 untreated long-term nonprogressors and analyzed relationships between HIV-1-specific CD4 T helper (Th) 1 and CD8 T cell responses and HIV-1—specific antibodies, HIV-1 RNA and proviral DNA loads, host genes, and CD4 Th1 cell counts at entry into the study and 4 years later.

Results. HIV-1 p24—specific CD4 Th1 cell proliferation, interferon (IFN)-γ production, and IFN-γ—producing cell frequencies at entry significantly and negatively correlated with HIV-1 RNA and proviral DNA loads and were independent of CD4 Th1 cell counts and host genes …