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The application of microwave energy in biomass pyrolysis has gained increasing interest due to its fast, volumetric, selective and efficient heating. However, the dominance may be levelled off if the energy and exergy efficiencies of overall system are taken into consideration. Hence, based on the lab-scale experimental data (at 600, 700 and 800 °C), energy and exergetic assessment of pyrolysis-derived gas, char and oil from gumwood under conventional and microwave heating were investigated in this work. The results showed that at each temperature, the corresponding energy and exergy rates of gas under microwave heating were found to be 23% and 26%, respectively, higher than those of conventional one. Meanwhile, the values for char were around 46%. This was mostly because microwave-derived pyrolysis product contained more gaseous and char products compared to the conventional process. In …