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Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers in men. Exposure to heavy metals and their association with prostate cancer risk has been studied extensively, but combined effects remain largely inconclusive.

To elucidate the association between serum concentrations of heavy metals and prostate cancer risk.

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine the concentrations of a panel of 10 heavy metals (Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Sb, Co, Cu, Cd and Pb) in serum samples of 141 cases and 114 controls in the Singapore Prostate Cancer Study. Linear probit regression models were used to estimate risk differences (RDs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between log-centered serum metal concentrations and prostate cancer risk with adjustment for potential confounders. Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) models were …