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An urban heat island is one of the most vital environmental risks in urban areas. The aim of this study was to assess the spatial-temporal patterns of land use changes and heat island intensity for the city of Babol, Iran, between 1985 and 2015 and to predict likely future heat island intensity variations. Multi-temporal Landsat images were acquired and analysed in this study. First, single channel algorithms were used to calculate the land surface temperature (LST), and a Maximum Likelihood Algorithm was utilized to classify images. Second, land use changes (LUCs) and LST were examined, and the relationship between the fractional vegetation cover (FVC) and land-use changes was analysed using the normalized land surface temperature. By using the mean and the standard deviation of the normalized thermal images, the area was divided into five thermal categories: very low, low, medium, high and very high …