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AIMS: This was to determine the presence and types of oral mucosal lesions in a sample of HIV⁺/AIDS South African children taking antiretroviral therapy and to investigate the relationship between CD4⁺ lymphocyte counts, viral load, duration of taking antiretroviral therapy (DART), and age on presence of oral lesions. METHODS: The samples consisted of 56 South African children aged 0–4 years (mean age =7.09 years) with HIV+/AID, infected at birth. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the presence of oral lesions with test group (patients with oral lesions) and control group (patients with no oral lesions). Children were also divided into two groups, those < 6 years and those ≥ 6 years old to study the effect of age on presence of lesions. RESULTS: Oral Candidiasis was the most common lesion reported in 19/56 children, followed by Recurrent Herpetic Infection in 9 children …