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Almost all cancers are easier to successfully treat if caught early. This principle is particularly true for the approximately 85% of cancers that are epithelial in origin. Most of these cancers do not originate fully malignant from normal tissue but progress through one or more pre-invasive pathologically recognizable steps. Currently for the majority of internal organs topologically connected to the outside environment, endoscopy is the primary method to screen for and diagnose pre-invasive and early (encapsulated or only locally invasive) cancers. The resolving powers of endoscopes used in current practice are limited to objects millimeters in size or in some cases submillimeter sizes (200 to 1000 microns). The visible contrast of early neoplastic lesions resolvable by current endoscopes is such that many to most of these lesions are not readily discernable to the human observer (eg, flat lesion in the colon) or are …