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The specific study objectives were: 1) to identify perceived common stressors among parents in refugee settlements, 2) to analyze the associations of perinatal depression and early initiation of breastfeeding and 3) to analyze the associations between perinatal depression and exclusive breastfeeding.

Qualitative study participants were mothers (n = 66) and fathers (n = 49) who compromised eight focus group discussions (FGDs): four mothers FGDs, two fathers FGDs, two mothers and fathers FGDs. Two FGDs with Village Health Team and six individual interviews with key informants also were conducted. Thematic analysis was used in NVivo, v. 12. Quantitative study participants (n = 390) were pregnant mothers who were enrolled in a community-based randomized control study. Perinatal depression was measured using Patient Health Questionnaire-9 during 3rd trimester and postpartum. Early …