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Neoadjuvant therapy combining programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors with platinum-based chemotherapy has demonstrated significant improvement in pathologic response and survival rates among patients with resectable non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, it remains controversial whether PD-1 blockade therapy given before and after surgery (neoadjuvant-adjuvant treatment) is associated with better outcomes than when given only before surgery (neoadjuvant-only treatment).

To compare the efficacy and safety associated with neoadjuvant-adjuvant anti–PD-1 and anti–PD-L1 therapy with neoadjuvant-only anti–PD-1 and anti–PD-L1 therapy for patients with resectable NSCLC.

A systematic search was conducted across databases including PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library, as well as major oncology …