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The characteristics of particulate matter (PM) emitted from residual fuel oil combustion in two types of combustion equipment were compared. A small commercial 732 kW rated fire-tube boiler yielded a weakly bimodal particulate size distribution (PSD) with over 99% of the mass contained in a broad coarse mode and only a small fraction of the mass in an accumulation mode consistent with ash vaporization. Bulk smaples collected and classified by a cyclone indicate that 30% to 40% of the total particulate emissions were less than 2.5μm aerodynamic diameter (PM_2.5). The coarse mode, PM was rich in char, indicating relatively poor carbon burnout, although calculated combustion efficiencies exceeded 99%. This characteristic behavior is typical of small fire-tube boilers. Larger utility-scale units firing residual oil were simulated using an 82 kW rated laboratory-scale refractory-lined combustor. Particulate matter …