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BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Low back pain (LBP) is a disorder that commonly affects the working population, resulting in disability, health-care utilization, and a heavy socioeconomic burden. Although the etiology of LBP remains uncertain, occupational activities have been implicated. Evaluating these potentially causal relationships requires a methodologically rigorous approach. Occupational repetitive and/or heavy lifting is widely thought to be a risk factor for the development of LBP. PURPOSE: To conduct a systematic review of the scientific literature to evaluate the causal relationship between occupational lifting and LBP. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review of the literature. SAMPLE: Studies reporting an association between occupational lifting and LBP. OUTCOME MEASURES: Numerical association between different levels of exposure to occupational lifting and the presence or severity of LBP. METHODS: A …