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The purpose of this review is to examine uses of carboxylesterase activity in environmental monitoring with a specific emphasis on pyrethroid insecticides. The chapter begins with an overview of the enzyme class, including general structure, function, catalytic mechanism, and substrate specificity. This section serves to introduce carboxylesterases, their biological significance, and their role in metabolism and detoxification reactions. Following this section, an in-depth analysis of different reports of applications of carboxylesterase activity in environmental monitoring is presented on an organism-specific basis. From an environmental standpoint, one of the most important carboxylesterase-mediated reactions is the hydrolysis and subsequent detoxification of pyrethroid insecticides. This reaction is one of the main detoxification pathways for pyrethroids in numerous organisms ranging from worms to fish to humans and …