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The non-uniform distribution of vertical air temperature helps stratum ventilation and displacement ventilation to save energy compared with mixing ventilation. To reasonably predict the vertical distribution of the non-uniform air temperature, the multi-node (nodal) model requires an in-depth understanding of the airflow pattern and is specific for different designs of ventilation, which challenges engineers/designers in practice. To be more practical, this study proposes a heat removal efficiency (HRE) based multi-node model. The proposed model employs HRE to conveniently represent the airflow pattern, requiring little understanding of the airflow pattern. Moreover, the proposed model is general for both stratum ventilation and displacement ventilation, and flexible to include heating/cooling devices. Experimental case studies show that compared with the conventional model, the proposed model is more accurate …