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The application of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) has certainly helped to improve our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for clinical disability and cognitive impairment in this condition.

The numerous studies performed in MS patients have also provided many lessons on the structure-function relationships in the human brain, which could be applied to healthy subjects and to patients affected by other neurological conditions. The findings have allowed a better understanding of the processes involved in the loss of function after central nervous system (CNS) damage, and clarified the substrates of specific symptoms (e.g., cognitive impairment and fatigue), which should aid clinical recovery and help in the monitoring of disease progression.

In this review, important examples of how the application of different MRI techniques in …