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Molecular phylogenetics has revolutionized our understanding of the Caryophyllales, and yet many relationships have remained uncertain, particularly at deeper levels. We have performed parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses on separate and combined data sets comprising nine plastid genes (∼12,000 bp), two nuclear genes (∼5000 bp), and the plastid inverted repeat (∼24,000 bp), giving a combined analyzed length of 42,006 bp for 36 species of Caryophyllales and four outgroups. We have recovered strong support for deeplevel relationships across the order. Two major subclades are well supported, the noncore and core Caryophyllales; Rhabdodendron followed by Simmondsia are sisters to the core Caryophyllales, Limeum and Stegnosperma are successive sisters to the “globular inclusion” clade, Gisekia is a distinct lineage well separated from Rivina within the “raphide” clade, and Rivina and …