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This chapter reviews and summarizes the various preparation and characterization methods for one-dimensional (1D) polymeric nanostructure-based microcontainers for biomedical applications. This chapter also covers various aspects of drug delivery systems, sensors, and antimicrobial applications of polymer-based microcontainers. The morphology of the 1D polymeric nanostructures, including polymers and small molecules, can be generally categorized into nanorods, nanowires, nanotubes, nanobelts, and nanofibers. The performance and effect of 1D polymeric nanostructures in various biomedical applications, such as cancer therapy, gene therapy, drug delivery systems, antimicrobial uses, and biosensors, are provided. To understand the effectiveness of multifunctional 1D polymeric micro/nanocarriers prepared by different physical, chemical, and biological methods, their morphological and structural …