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A total of 211 RYGB-eligible patients were screened for participation; 30 patients met the inclusion criteria (age 37.8 Æ 5.4 years; BMI 47.3 Æ 6.3 kg/m2; HbA1c: 6.2 Æ 1.3%; hypertension: n ¼ 18; type 2 diabetes: n ¼ 7) and were randomly assigned to either a nonexercise (n ¼ 15) or an exercise group (n ¼ 15). Two patients from the nonexercise group withdrew during followup. Adherence to the exercise program was 84 Æ 12%. No adverse events were reported. After 3 months, RYGB significantly improved FMD, retrograde shear rate, insulin resistance, cytokines profile, weight, and adiposity (all p< 0.05)(Figure 1), and other cardiometabolic risk factors (eg, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, lipid profile, HbA1c, endothelial-independent dilation, maximal oxygen consumption; all p< 0.05; data not shown). However, some improvements (eg, FMD, retrograde shear rate, insulin area under the curve during an oral …