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To present the prevalence of substance use and ICD‐10 substance use disorders in the adult Australian population using data from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well‐Being (NSMHWB). A cross‐sectional survey assessing substance use and ICD substance use disorders (harmful use and dependence). A household survey of a nationally representative sample of 10 641 Australian adults (aged 18 years or older). Trained survey interviewers administered a structured interview based on the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). In the past 12 months 6.5% of the sample had an ICD‐10 alcohol use disorder (95% CI: 6.2, 6.9), and 2.2% had another drug use disorder (95% CI: 2.0, 2.4). More males than females had substance use disorders: 9.5% of males (95% CI: 8.5, 10.5) and 3.6% of females (95% CI: 3.2, 4.0) met criteria …