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In this section we summarize two sets of theories are useful for conceptualizing father-hormone research. First, we summarize life history theory, parental investment theory, and the challenge hypothesis, which have collectively been used to argue that changes in men’s hormonal production varies based on men’s investments in parenting effort. Second, we summarize the Steroid/Peptide Theory of Social Bonds (van Anders et al., 2011), which explains how different demands within parenting elicit differential hormonal responses to facilitate the necessary behaviors, and also builds off of life history perspectives. Finally, we note that a third theoretical framework, the bio-behavioral synchrony model (Feldman, 2012a, 2012b), has been used extensively to frame research on oxytocin and familial dynamics. For more information on this model (Feldman, 2012a, 2012b), see this volume, chapter 17.