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Energy is indispensable for the development of global economy. With the rapid upward mobility in living standards, the demand for energy is unparalleled and that has consequently created new challenges to the industrialists and scientific fraternity. Energy security in today’s time is as alarming as food security due to the swiftly diminishing fossil resources and upsurge in crude oil prices. This concern has accelerated global search for alternative and sustainable sources of energy. In this context, biofuels are foreseen to strike a balance between the growing demand and the sustainable supply of energy. Several attempts are being made to commercialize biofuels produced through myriad bioconversion technologies. However, lack of cost-effective strategies and cheap feedstock has compelled to scout for feasible and economic methods for high-energy density biofuel and other platform chemicals production. Considering the present scenario of waste management, food waste (FW) can be a prospective feed that can drive sustainable biofuel production at commercial scale irrespective of season, geography, and economic standards. Food waste (FW), as received, ie in the wet form, can be effectively valorized to high heating value bio-oil/biocrude, biochar, and other useful gaseous products through the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) technology. This chapter illustrates crucial aspects of HTL including the significance of HTL over other thermal treatment methods, types of HTL, bioreactor configurations, and factors affecting HTL along with highlighting FW as a feasible raw material to feed commercial-scale HTL-based refinery.