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Background

Lung carcinoma is one of the most prevalent and life-threatening cancers globally, with tobacco smoking being the most significant cause of lung cancer deaths. Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) accounts for approximately 80-85% of reported lung cancer cases and unfolds in a sequential multistage pattern, gradually developing genetic and epigenetic alterations. Alterations in DNA methylation at CpG sites are associated with smoking-induced lung cancer. Smoking-related epigenetic alterations are involved in the modulation of multiple biological pathways. Enhancers govern gene expression across great distances by looping DNA and offering distant regulatory regions closer to their target gene promoters.

Methods

Therefore, we employed Illumina HM450k DNA methylation data of patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to determine enhancers and link enhancer status with the expression of …