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This study assesses and compares the influence of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and silver nitrate (AgNO₃) on the fatty acid composition, pigments, and growth indices of Chlorella vulgaris. Toxicity testing was carried at the estimated and/or above predicted environmental concentrations of AgNPs and AgNO₃. AgNO₃ treatments impaired the population growth of C. vulgaris about 2–183 times more than the respective AgNPs ones. The pigments displayed a concentration-dependent decrease in response to both forms of silver; however, AgNO₃ displayed higher severity to the pigments than AgNPs. In exposure to 10 μg L⁻¹ AgNO₃, the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid, respectively, demonstrated a reduction of about 5, 3, 4, and 4 times when compared with the same respective concentration of AgNPs. Total amounts of saturated (∑SFA), monounsaturated (∑MUFA), and …