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Despite much recent progress, our understanding of diversity–stability relationships across different study systems remains incomplete. In particular, recent theory clarified that within‐species population stability and among‐species asynchronous population dynamics combine to determine ecosystem temporal stability, but their relative importance in modulating diversity‐ecosystem temporal stability relationships in different ecosystems remains unclear. We addressed this issue with a meta‐analysis of empirical studies of ecosystem and population temporal stability in relation to species diversity across a range of taxa and ecosystems. We show that ecosystem temporal stability tended to increase with species diversity, regardless of study systems. Increasing diversity promoted asynchrony, which, in turn, contributed to increased ecosystem stability. The positive diversity–ecosystem stability relationship persisted …