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Biological genomes have evolved over a period of millions of years and comprise thousands of genes, even for the simplest organisms. However, in nature, only 1-2% of the genes play an active role in creating and maintaining the organism, while the majority are evolutionary fossils. This raises the question of whether a considerably larger number of (partly redundant) genes are required in order to effectively build a functional developmental system, of which, in the final system only a fraction is required for the latter to function. This paper investigates different approaches to creating artificial developmental systems (ADSs) based on variable length gene regulatory networks (GRNs). The GRNs are optimized using an evolutionary algorithm (EA). A comparison is made between the different variable length representations and fixed length representations. It is shown that variable length GRNs can achieve both …