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The potential of two different hyperspectral imaging systems (visible near infrared spectroscopy (Vis-NIR) and NIR) was investigated to determine TVB-N contents in tilapia fillets during cold storage. With Vis-NIR and NIR data, calibration models were established between the average spectra of tilapia fillets in the hyperspectral image and their corresponding TVB-N contents and optimized with various variable selection and data fusion methods. Superior models were obtained with variable selection methods based on low-level fusion data when compared with the corresponding methods based on single data blocks. Mid-level fusion data achieved the best model based on CARS, in comparison with all others. Finally, the respective optimized models of single Vis-NIR and NIR data were employed to visualize TVB-N contents distribution in tilapia fillets. In general, the results showed the great feasibility of …