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Objectives.

This article summarizes the results of 153 studies published between 1977 and 1994 that evaluated the effectiveness of interventions to improve patient compliance with medical regimens.

Methods.

The compliance interventions were classified by theoretical focus into educational, behavioral, and affective categories within which specific intervention strategies were further distinguished. The compliance indicators broadly represent five classes of compliance-related assessments:(1) health outcomes (eg, blood pressure and hospitalization),(2) direct indicators (eg, urine and blood tracers and weight change),(3) indirect indicators (eg, pill count and refill records),(4) subjective report (eg, patients' or others' reports), and (5) utilization (appointment making and keeping and use of preventive services).