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CRISPR-Cas9 has been demonstrated as a transformative genome engineering tool for many eukaryotic organisms; however, its utilization in bacteria remains limited and ineffective. Here we explored Streptococcus pyogenes CRISPR-Cas9 for genome editing in Clostridium beijerinckii (industrially significant but notorious for being difficult to metabolically engineer) as a representative attempt to explore CRISPR-Cas9 for genome editing in microorganisms that previously lacked sufficient genetic tools. By combining inducible expression of Cas9 and plasmid-borne editing templates, we successfully achieved gene deletion and integration with high efficiency in single steps. We further achieved single nucleotide modification by applying innovative two-step approaches, which do not rely on availability of Protospacer Adjacent Motif sequences. Severe vector integration events were observed during the genome …