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Extant amphibians are a monophyletic group composed of three distinct lineages: anurans, salamanders, and caecilians. More than 7,500 species are known today, of which more than 1,000 occur in Brazil, a country that holds the highest richness of amphibians in the world. The studies on amphibians conducted by Brazilians started in the 1920s. Among Brazilian biomes, the Atlantic Forest has the highest species richness and endemism rate, housing more than 50% of the known species of anurans. The high species richness and the great diversity of reproductive modes are driven by the successful use of the wide variety of wet microhabitats in this biome. However, the Atlantic Forest is currently restricted to small isolated fragments and often immersed in a poorly permeable matrix. Fragmentation represents a serious threat to species conservation of the biome. In this chapter we summarize the knowledge about Atlantic Forest amphibians, including a time line of studies, information on the biology, behavior, and conservation status of species, an updated species list, and a map of species richness. We also analyze data on the influence of slope on the distribution of amphibian richness in the Atlantic Forest. Currently, 625 species of anurans from 18 families are known to occur in the Atlantic Forest, being Hylidae the most speciose family. Species distribution was correlated