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Macrophages are heterogeneous and their phenotype and functions are regulated by the surrounding micro‐environment. Macrophages commonly exist in two distinct subsets: 1) Classically activated or M1 macrophages, which are pro‐inflammatory and polarized by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) either alone or in association with Th1 cytokines such as IFN‐γ, GM‐CSF, and produce pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, IL‐12, IL‐23, and TNF‐α; and 2) Alternatively activated or M2 macrophages, which are anti‐inflammatory and immunoregulatory and polarized by Th2 cytokines such as IL‐4 and IL‐13 and produce anti‐inflammatory cytokines such as IL‐10 and TGF‐β. M1 and M2 macrophages have different functions and transcriptional profiles. They have unique abilities by destroying pathogens or repair the inflammation‐associated injury. It is known that M1/M2 macrophage balance …