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It is now clearly established that the environment and the sensory stimuli, particularly during the perinatal period, have an impact on infant’s development. During the last trimester of gestation, activity-dependent plasticity shapes the fetal brain, and prematurity has been shown to alter the typical developmental trajectories. In this delicate period, preventive interventions aiming at modulating these developmental trajectories through activity-inducing interventions are currently underway to be tested. The purpose of this review paper is to describe the potentialities of early vocal contact and music on the preterm infant’s brain development, and their potential beneficial effect on early development. Scientific evidence supports a behavioral orientation of the newborn to organized sounds, such as those of voice and music, and recent neuroimaging studies further confirm full cerebral processing of music as multisensory …